> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://calcs.com/docs/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Design a Cantilever Retaining Wall (IBC 2021)

> Design concrete or CMU cantilever retaining walls to IBC 2021, ASCE 7-16, ACI 318-19 and TMS 402-16. An earlier edition, kept for existing projects.

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    <div className="calc-details-head"><span className="calc-card-icon"><Icon icon="calculator" size={20} color="#0076d6" /></span><p className="calc-details-name">Cantilever Retaining Wall (IBC 2021)</p><a className="calc-details-run" href="https://app.calcs.com/new/sheet/retainingWallCantileverUSAACI318-19">Run the calc</a></div>
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<div className="calc-answer">
  Design cantilever retaining walls, concrete or CMU, to IBC 2021, ASCE 7-16, ACI 318-19, TMS 402-16, and NCMA-TEK. Pick Equivalent Fluid Pressure, Rankine, or Coulomb theory for lateral earth pressure. Seismic loads go in via EFP analogy.
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<Note>
  This calculator uses an earlier code edition (IBC 2021, ASCE 7-16, ACI 318-19, TMS 402-16, NCMA-TEK). It stays available for existing projects. For new designs, check the [Calculator Library](/docs/calculators/us) for the current edition.
</Note>

## Method & scope

| Property         | Detail                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Design standards | IBC 2021, ASCE 7-16, ACI 318-19, TMS 402-16, NCMA-TEK                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Regions          | United States                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Who it's for     | US structural engineers designing cantilever retaining walls with reinforced CMU stems.                                                                                                                                |
| Presets          | Fully-Drained Retaining Wall, Retaining Wall with High Water Table, Tall Retaining Wall with Battered Face, L-Type Retaining Wall                                                                                      |
| What it checks   | Lateral earth pressure, Stability checks, Stem flexural and shear design (ACI 318-19, Cl. 22.2 and 22.5 or TMS 402-16, Cl. 9.3), Heel and toe flexural design (ACI 318-19, Cl. 22.2), Shear key (ACI 318-19, Cl. 14.5) |

#### What it calculates

US structural engineers designing cantilever retaining walls with reinforced concrete or CMU stems to IBC 2021. Covers EFP, Rankine, and Coulomb lateral earth pressure theory, plus overturning, sliding, bearing, and flexural reinforcement checks with code references.

Design retaining wall stems in CMU with automated shear and moment checks, avoiding the formwork required for concrete stems.

#### Calculation method

The Cantilever Retaining Wall (IBC 2021) calculator designs freestanding cantilever retaining walls in reinforced concrete or CMU to IBC 2021, ACI 318-19, TMS 402-16, and NCMA-TEK. Retained soil is assumed to be in the active state; passive soil at the toe is used for sliding resistance.

##### Lateral earth pressure

Three lateral earth pressure methods are supported:

* **Equivalent Fluid Pressure (EFP)**, user enters an equivalent fluid unit weight; triangular pressure distribution is computed directly
* **Rankine active theory**, K\_a = tan²(45°, phi/2); lateral pressure = K\_a × gamma\_s × height
* **Coulomb active theory**, accounts for soil-wall friction and backfill slope angle

For at-rest pressure checks, a triangular distribution with K\_0 is used. Seismic lateral loads can be added using the EFP analogy (additional seismic EFP per ASCE 7-16). Water table effects and submerged soil are modeled separately with modified effective unit weights.

##### Stability checks

**Sliding**: Total sliding force H\_total is compared to total resistance F\_resist (base friction + optional shear key passive resistance):

**FS\_sliding = F\_resist / H\_total ≥ 1.5**

**Overturning**: Restoring moment (from soil and wall dead loads) is compared to the overturning moment about the toe:

**FS\_overturn = M\_restore / M\_overturn ≥ 1.5**

**Bearing**: Maximum soil pressure q\_max at the footing base is checked against allowable bearing q\_a. Upward soil pressure on the heel is conservatively neglected for strength design.

##### Stem flexural and shear design (ACI 318-19, Cl. 22.2 and 22.5 or TMS 402-16, Cl. 9.3)

The governing moment M\_u,stem at the base of the stem and shear demand V\_u,stem are calculated from the factored lateral soil loads (LRFD combinations per IBC 2021):

**utilization = M\_u,stem / (phi × M\_n,stem) ≤ 1.0**
**utilization = V\_u,stem / (phi × V\_n,stem) ≤ 1.0**

For masonry (CMU) stems, TMS 402-16 provisions are used. All masonry is assumed to be concrete masonry (CMU) and fully grouted.

##### Heel and toe flexural design (ACI 318-19, Cl. 22.2)

Heel reinforcement (top bars) resists the net upward/downward soil and slab pressure behind the stem. Toe reinforcement (bottom bars) resists the net upward bearing pressure in front of the stem. Separate demand, capacity, and utilization checks are reported for heel and toe.

**utilization = M\_u,heel / (phi × M\_n,heel) ≤ 1.0**
**utilization = M\_u,toe / (phi × M\_n,toe) ≤ 1.0**

##### Shear key (ACI 318-19, Cl. 14.5)

If a shear key is used, it is aligned with the wall stem. Shear key flexural and shear capacities are checked using plain concrete provisions (reinforcement in the shear key is not considered).

##### Assumptions

Backfill is flat with no slope. Only dead/live surcharge, wall self-weight, and soil loads are considered. Expansive soils and flowing water effects are not modeled. Concrete detailing must be checked separately.

## How to use it

<Steps>
  <Step title="Open the calculator">
    Open it from **Run calc** in the About this calculator panel above. To start from a typical setup, choose one of the presets listed there.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Enter your inputs">
    Work through the input sections from top to bottom. Click any input label to see its reference explanation, clause, conditions and assumptions. See [Checks, References, Conditions and Assumptions](/docs/running-calculations/checking-results/checks-references-conditions-assumptions).
  </Step>

  <Step title="Review the results and export">
    Check the utilization of each governing check in the summary, then export a PDF report. See [Views and Export](/docs/running-calculations/exporting-reports/views-and-export).
  </Step>
</Steps>

## Common questions

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="What design standards does this calculator use?">
    The calculator references IBC 2021 for load combinations, ASCE 7-16 for load factors, ACI 318-19 for reinforced concrete stem and footing design, TMS 402-16 for masonry (CMU) stem design, and NCMA-TEK for masonry detailing. You choose concrete or CMU for the stem, and the calculator applies the appropriate material standard.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What lateral earth pressure theories does the calculator support?">
    Three theories are available: Equivalent Fluid Pressure (EFP) using an entered equivalent fluid weight, Rankine active pressure using soil friction angle (phi) and unit weight, and Coulomb active pressure using soil-wall friction and backfill slope. For most standard cantilever wall designs, Rankine theory with a horizontal backfill is the default approach.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What are the key inputs?">
    Key inputs are retained height, stem wall thickness and material (concrete or CMU), footing dimensions (width and thickness), toe and heel extensions, soil unit weight, internal friction angle, surcharge loads at grade, and passive soil properties at the toe. Seismic loads are entered as an additional equivalent fluid pressure contribution.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What stability and strength checks does the calculator perform?">
    Stability checks include overturning (with factor of safety), sliding (with passive resistance and optional shear key), and bearing pressure at the footing base. Strength checks cover flexural reinforcement in the stem (at the critical section), one-way shear in the stem, and footing reinforcement design. Minimum reinforcement per ACI 318-19 or TMS 402-16 is also verified.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How are seismic loads handled in this calculator?">
    Seismic loads are added using the equivalent fluid pressure (EFP) analogy per ASCE 7-16 Chapter 11 and IBC 2021. You enter an additional seismic EFP value (typically 7H pounds per square foot where H is the retained height) that is combined with the static earth pressure for seismic load combinations. Explicit dynamic (Mononobe-Okabe) analysis is not performed.
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

## Next steps

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  <Card title="Calculator Library" icon="list" href="/docs/calculators/us">
    Complete list of Calcs.com design calculators available for United States projects (AISC, ACI, NDS, ASCE 7, IBC, and related standards).
  </Card>

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    Design continuous wall footings to ACI 318-14. An earlier code edition, kept for existing projects.
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