United StatesASCE 7-16
#### Key Properties
Under the key properties section, you can select the type of calculation for wind pressures (we will focus on MWFRS for this article), and see the properties set in the previous section.
#### Building Properties
This input allows you to define the roof type and its properties, taking into account that only flat and gable roof types are supported for the MWFRS calculations, selecting flat type allows you to define the height of the roof which is the height from the base of the building to the roof, and selecting gable allows you to define the roof pitch meaning how many inches the roof rises for every 12 inches in depth and roof top height from base of the building to the highest point of the roof. Also, you can define the width, length and enclosure type per the following descriptions:
* Partially Enclosed: A structure with large openings on one or more walls, creating internal pressure from wind (e.g., buildings with broken windows).
* Enclosed: A fully enclosed structure with no significant openings, maintaining controlled internal pressure (e.g., typical houses or office buildings)
#### Terrain Properties
If you specified a location for your project you can select whether these properties are calculated automatically or you can specify custom ground elevation above sea level and if there is a hill or escarpment present . In this case you must select the hill shape as described in ASCE 7-16 Figure 26.8-1:
Then you have to input height of the hill or escarpment relative to ground (H), distance upwind of crest to mid-height of Feature (L h) and Distance from Crest to Building Site (x)
#### Calculations and results
Once all of the site and wall properties have been inputted, we can look at our calculations and results. Wind load parameters and pressure coefficients are calculated as per ASCE 7-16, and include wind directionality and topographic factors, 3-s Gust-speed power law exponent, nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer, ground elevation factor, velocity pressure and its exposure coefficient.
It also calculates the Internal pressure coefficient and the External pressure coefficient for the basic load cases.
The internal coefficient accounts for the pressure inside a structure, influenced by the size and location of openings (e.g., windows, doors) and the enclosure type. It reflects how wind pressure enters and affects the internal environment of the building.
The external coefficient represents the pressure exerted by the wind on the exterior surfaces of a structure, varying with factors like wind direction, surface shape, and zone (e.g., windward, leeward, roof). It defines how wind interacts with the outer surfaces of a building.
In the summary section you can see the corner zone width, the zones for each basic load case and the wind pressures for each zone. Wind pressure results are used to evaluate the structural performance of buildings and components under wind loads. These pressures, calculated for external and internal surfaces, are applied to walls, roofs, and other structural elements based on their zones. You can use our linking functionality in other calculators to add these pressures automatically. Watch our webinar on this here: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hN3AB3BE21c](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DhN3AB3BE21c\&sa=D\&source=editors\&ust=1732678778191985\&usg=AOvVaw1FlimE52amuslLxfoG-6d9)
Lastly, the ASCE 7-16 imposes a minimum average wind pressure of 16 psf, so if the wind pressure in any zone is lower than that value, you should use the minimum value in your designs.
For the MWFRS Directional Procedure (Chapter 27), see [Wind Loads - MWFRS Directional Procedure (ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22)](/docs/calculators/us/wind-loads/wind-loads-mwfrs-directional-asce-7-22).
For parapet wind pressures, see [Wind Load Parapets (ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22)](/docs/calculators/us/wind-loads/wind-loads-parapets-asce-7-22).
## Method & scope
| Property | Detail |
| ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Design standards | ASCE 7-16 |
| Regions | United States |
| Who it's for | US structural engineers calculating wind loads to ASCE 7-16 for Components & Cladding and MWFRS. |
| Presets | Components and Cladding, MWFRS (Envelope Procedure), MWFRS (Directional Procedure) |
| What it checks | Site and building inputs, Velocity pressure, C\&C pressures (ASCE 7-16 Ch. 30), MWFRS pressures |
#### What it calculates
US structural engineers calculating wind loads to ASCE 7-16 for projects under IBC 2021. Covers velocity pressure, pressure coefficients, and design pressures for both MWFRS and C\&C in a single calculation. For IBC 2024 projects, use the ASCE 7-22 version instead.
Calculate wind pressures for both C\&C and MWFRS in one template, aligned to ASCE 7-16 and IBC 2021.
#### Calculation method
The Wind Loads (ASCE 7-16) calculator determines design wind pressures for low-rise buildings per ASCE 7-16. It covers three procedures in a single template: Components and Cladding (C\&C) per Chapter 30 Part 1 (Cl. 30.3), the MWFRS Envelope Procedure per Chapter 28, and the MWFRS Directional Procedure per Chapter 27.
##### Site and building inputs
Key inputs are:
* **Basic wind speed (V)**, from the ASCE 7-16 Figure 26.5-1 maps, or entered manually
* **Exposure category**, B, C, or D, which sets the velocity pressure exposure coefficient K\_z
* **Building dimensions**, roof mean height (h), least horizontal dimension (B\_min), and roof pitch (alpha)
* **Enclosure classification**, enclosed, partially enclosed, or open, which drives internal pressure coefficients (GCpi)
* **Topographic factor (K\_zt)**, computed from hill height, half-length, and site distance per ASCE 7-16 Cl. 26.8, or entered as 1.0 for flat terrain
##### Velocity pressure
The design velocity pressure at height z is:
**q\_z = 0.00256 × K\_z × K\_zt × K\_d × V²** (lb/ft², V in mph)
At mean roof height h, this becomes q\_h, the reference pressure for C\&C and MWFRS envelope calculations.
##### C\&C pressures (ASCE 7-16 Ch. 30)
External pressure coefficients (GCp) are looked up from ASCE 7-16 figures as a function of effective wind area and roof zone (zones 1, 2, 3 for roofs; zones 4 and 5 for walls). Net design pressure combines external and internal coefficients:
**p = q\_h × \[(GCp), (GCpi)]**
Zone widths a, 0.6h, and 0.2h are calculated automatically from building dimensions. Separate pressures are reported for roof and wall members for the effective areas entered.
##### MWFRS pressures
For the **Envelope Procedure** (Chapter 28), pseudo-lateral pressures on windward and leeward walls and roof zones are determined using simplified load cases A and B for both wind directions. For the **Directional Procedure** (Chapter 27), wall and roof pressure coefficients (Cp) are used with the velocity pressure at each height, and load cases 1 and 2 are applied. Overhang bottom-surface pressure is also calculated for both procedures.
##### Assumptions and limitations
The calculator assumes no parapets (unless the parapet option is enabled), flat/gable/hip/monoslope roof geometry, and Cl. 26.2 low-rise building classification. The b-note reduction for pressure coefficients in the Directional Procedure is not applied. Results are tabulated by zone and load case, with each pressure linked to its governing ASCE 7-16 clause.
## How to use it
